How do we transform Venice?
Does Venus fall in the habitable zone? If Venus' greenhouse effect could be reversed by some means, can it become habitable based on its current distance from the sun?
The planet Venus is often called the "sister planet" of the Earth, and rightly so. In addition to being about the same size, Venus and Earth are largely identical and have very similar compounds (both are terrestrial planets). As a neighboring planet to Earth, Venus also orbits the Sun within its "goldilocks zone" (such as the habitable zone). But really, there are many key differences between the planets that make Venus uninhabitable. For starters, the atmosphere is 90 times thicker than Earth's, the surface temperature is hot enough to melt lead, and the air is a toxic mist containing carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid. Similarly, if humans want to live there, some serious environmental engineering. Terraforming - first need. And given its resemblance to Earth, many scientists believe that Venus will be an important candidate for making even more graphs than Mars.
Over the past century, the concept of transforming Venus has appeared several times in terms of science fiction and as a subject of scientific study. While the treatment of this subject was largely imaginative in the early 20th century, a transition occurred with the beginning of the space age. As our knowledge of Venus has improved, so have suggestions for changing the landscape. Be more appropriate.
Examples in fiction:
Since the early 20th century, the idea of changing Venus ecologically has been a myth. The earliest example of this is Olaf Stapleton's Last and First Man (1930), two chapters devoted to describing how the descendants of humanity pull Venus after the earth became unacceptable. And in the process commit genocide against native aquatic life.
By the 1950s and '60s, with the advent of the space age, roofing began to appear in many works of science fiction. Paul Anderson also wrote extensively on terraforming in the 1950s. In his 1954 novel, The Big Rain, Venus has long been transformed by planetary engineering techniques. The book was so influential that the term "Big Rain" has since become synonymous with post-Venice.
In 1991, author G. David Nordley, in his short story ("Sunnis of Venice"), suggested that Venus could be extended to a day's length by exporting Venice's atmosphere on a large scale by drivers. Author Kim Stanley Robinson was known for his realistic portrayal of swimming on the Mars Trinity. In 2012, he followed suit with the release of 2312, a science fiction novel dealing with the colonization of the entire solar system - including Venus. The novel also explores a number of ways in which Venus can be hollowed out, ranging from global cooling to carbon exploration, all based on scientific studies and suggestions.
Suggested methods:
The first proposed method of terraforming Venice was developed by Carl Sagan in 1961. In an article entitled "The Planet Venus", he argued that the use of genetically engineered bacteria to convert carbon in the atmosphere into organic molecules was argued. However, the discovery of sulfuric acid in the clouds of Venice and the effects of the solar wind have made it unworkable.
In his 1991 study "Quickly reforming Venus", British scientist Paul Birch suggested bombing Venus's atmosphere with hydrogen. The resulting reaction will produce graphite and water, the latter of which falls to the surface and covers about 80% of the surface in the oceans. Given the amount of hydrogen needed, it would have to be cut directly from a gas giant or its moon ice.
The proposal would also require the addition of iron aerosols into the atmosphere, which can be obtained from a variety of sources (ie, the moon, asteroids, Mercury). The rest of the atmosphere, estimated to be about 3 times (three times that of Earth), will consist primarily of nitrogen, some of which will dissolve into new oceans, further reducing atmospheric pressure.
Another idea is to bomb Venus with better magnesium and calcium, which separates carbon in the form of calcium and magnesium carbonates. In his 1996 paper, "Climate Stability on Venice", Mark Bulk and David H. Greenspon of the University of Colorado at Boulder suggested that Venus's own storage of calcium and magnesium oxide was used for this process. It can be done Through mining, these minerals can be exposed to the surface, thus carbon sinking.
However, Bell and Grange Spawn also claim that this will have a limited cooling effect - about 400 K (126.85 ° C ؛ 260.33 ° F) and will reduce atmospheric pressure by an estimated 43 bar. Will, Therefore, an additional supply of calcium and magnesium will be required. 8 × 1020 kg of calcium or 5 × 1020 kg of magnesium is required, most likely from asteroids.
The concept of solar shades has also been discovered, which involves using either a small spacecraft or a single large lens to remove sunlight from the surface of a planet, thus reducing global temperatures. Will be. Venus, which absorbs twice as much sunlight as the Earth, is thought to have played a key role in the greenhouse effect of solar radiation, which is why it is so today.
This type of shadow can be based on space, located at Sun-Venus L1 Lugrangin Point, where it blocks sunlight from reaching Venus. In addition, this shade will also help to block solar wind, thus reducing the amount of radiation Venus exposes (another important issue when it comes to housing). This cooling will result in the freezing or freezing of atmospheric CO², which is then deposited on the surface in the form of dry ice (which can be sent worldwide or separated underground).
In turn, the solar reflector can be placed on the atmosphere or on the surface. This can include large reflective balloons, carbon nanotubes or graphene sheets, or low-albedo materials. The former possibility offers two advantages: one is that environmental reflections can be created indoors using locally used carbon. Second, Venus's atmosphere is so deep that such structures can easily float on clouds.
NASA scientist Jeffrey A. Landis has also suggested that cities could be built on the clouds of Venice, and as a result, they could act as solar shields and processing stations. They would provide early settlements for the colonies, and act as transformers, gradually transforming the Venetian atmosphere into something that would allow the colonies to migrate to the surface.
Another suggestion is with the rotation speed of Venus. Venus revolves once every 243 days, which is the slowest period of any large planet. Similarly, Venus experiences very long days and nights, which can make it difficult for plants and animals to adapt to the most famous species on earth. Slow rotation also causes a loss of a significant magnetic field.
To illustrate this, Paul Birch, a member of the British Interplanetary Society, proposed the creation of a system of orbital solar mirrors near the L1 Lodge point between Venus and the Sun. Together with the Solita Mirror in Polar Orbit, it will provide a 24-hour light cycle.
It has also been suggested that the rotating speed of Venus could be multiplied by the impactors with the help of impressors or used to fly closer using corpses longer than .59.5 km (60-60 miles) in diameter. ۔ Using massive drivers and dynamic compression members, it is also proposed to create a rotating force to bring Venus to the point where it experienced a day-night equivalent to Earth (see above).
Then there is the possibility of eliminating some of Venice's atmosphere, which can be accomplished in many ways. For starters, the surface-guided atmosphere will blow up the atmosphere. Other methods include space elevators and mass accelerators (ideally placed on balloons or platforms above clouds), which can slowly scoop gas out of the atmosphere and release it into space.
Potential benefits:
One of the main reasons why Venice was colonized and its climate turned into the human settlement is likely to be a "backup location" for humanity. And given the limitations of choice - Mars, the moon, and the outer solar system - Venus has a number of things to choose from. Other people don't. All of this sheds light on why Venus is called the "sister planet" of the Earth.
For starters, Venus is a terrestrial planet similar in size, mass, and structure to Earth. This is why Venus has an Earth-like gravity, about which we face 90 (or 0.904 g), which in turn causes humans living on Venus to experience health problems associated with time. There is a very little risk - living in weightless and microgravity environments - such as osteoporosis and muscle degeneration.
Venus also makes transportation and communication easier than on Earth and other places in the solar system. With the current Propulsion system, Windows launches on Venus every 584 days compared to 780 days on Mars. Flight times are also a bit shorter because Venus is the closest planet to Earth. Closer to it, 40 million kilometers away, compared to 55 million kilometers to Mars.
Another reason is the effect of Venus's fleeing greenhouse effect, which is due to the planet's extreme heat and atmospheric density. By examining different techniques of environmental engineering, our scientists will learn a lot about their effectiveness. This information, in turn, will be of great help in the ongoing fight against climate change on Earth.
And in the coming decades, this fight is likely to intensify. As NOAA reported in March 2015, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has now exceeded 400 ppm, a level not seen since the Pliocene Era - when global temperatures and sea-level rise significantly. Was increasing. And as a series of scenarios, according to the NASA show, this trend is likely to continue until 2100, with serious consequences.
In one scenario, carbon dioxide emissions will surface at about 5,550 ppm by the end of the century, resulting in an increase in the average temperature of 2.5 ° C (4.5 ° F). In the second scenario, carbon dioxide emissions increase by up to 800 ppm, resulting in an average increase of 4.5 ° C (8 ° F). Although the predictions in the first scenario are sustainable, in the latter scenario, life in many parts of the planet will become unbearable.
So in addition to building a second home for humanity, losing Venus can also ensure that the earth remains a viable home for our generations. and of course. The fact that Venus is a terrestrial planet means that it has abundant natural resources that can be harvested, which helps humanity to have an economy "after the decline".
Challenges:
Beyond the similarities with Venice's land (such as size, mass, and structure), there are many differences that make it a great challenge to touch and colonize. On the one hand, it will require a lot of energy and resources to reduce the temperature and pressure of Venus's atmosphere. It will also require infrastructure that does not yet exist and will be very expensive to build.
For example, it would require large amounts of metal and modern materials to create orbital shadows in order to cool the atmosphere of Venice to the point where its greenhouse effect would be captured. Such a structure, if attached to L1, must be four times the diameter of Venus itself. It will have to gather in space, which will require a large fleet of robot collectors.
In contrast, increasing the speed of Venus' rotation would require tremendous energy, not to mention a certain number of impactors that would have to be cone-mounted from the outer solar system - primarily from the Copper Belt. In all of these cases, a large fleet of spacecraft will be needed to deliver the necessary supplies, and they will need to be equipped with state-of-the-art drive systems that will make travel possible in a timely manner.
Currently, there is no such drive system and traditional methods. From ion engines to chemical propellants - they are neither fast nor economical. For example, NASA's New Horizons mission took more than 11 years to make historic landmarks with Pluto in the Copper Belt, using conventional rockets and gravitational methods.
Meanwhile, the Dawn mission, which relied on Ionic preaching, took about four years to reach Vesta in the asteroid belt. There is no way to stop the Cooper Belt from traveling again and again and to stop icy comets and asteroids, and there is no humanity near the number of ships we need.
The same resource problem is true for the idea of putting a solar reflection on a cloud. The amount of matter will have to be large and it will have to stay in place for a long time after the change in the atmosphere because the surface of Venus is currently surrounded by clouds. Also, Venus already has highly reflective clouds, so to distinguish any point of view, you have to leave your current albedo (0.65) significantly behind.
And when it comes to dismantling the Venetian atmosphere, things are just as difficult. In 1994, James B. Polick and Carl Sagan calculated that a high-velocity Venus 700 km in diameter would have an impact of less than one-thousandth of the total atmosphere. In addition, as the density of the atmosphere decreases, the return rate decreases, which means that thousands of giant influencers will be needed.
In addition, most of the extracted atmosphere will go into solar orbit near Venus, and - without further intervention - it could be captured by Venus's field of gravity and once again become part of the atmosphere. The use of space lifts will make it difficult to remove atmospheric gas because the planet's geographic orbit is elevated above the surface, where removing large-scale high-speed users would be time consuming and expensive.
Result:
In short, the potential benefits of inheriting Venus are obvious. Humanity will have a second home, we will be able to add our own resources, and we will learn valuable techniques that can help prevent catastrophic changes on Earth. However, reaching the point where these benefits can be reaped is a difficult part.
Like most proposed correspondence projects, many barriers need to be removed in advance. The most important of these are transportation and logistics, mobilizing a large fleet of robot workers, and stopping the craft to utilize the necessary resources. After that, multilateral commitments will need to be made, which will provide financial resources to see the work completed. Not an easy task under very simple conditions.
Suffice it to say, this is something that humanity cannot do in the short term. However, looking to the future, with oceans, arable land, wildlife, and cities - Venice's vision of becoming our "sister planet" in every possible way certainly seems like a beautiful and possible goal. ۔ The only question is how long will we have to wait?