Quantum computers are very different from normal classic computers. Quantum computers use the strange science of Quantum mechanics to solve very difficult problems that are impossible to solve with silicone based normal computers. In this article I will explain quantum computers and how they work.
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Quantum Computer Explained
How do quantum computers work?
What are Qubits ?
Normal Computers performs calculations and different tasks using "bits" of information. Bits are like on-and-off switches which can only exist in two possible states either 1 or 0. This is also called the binary language and a classic computer can be 32 bits or 64 bits.
While quantum computers use quantum bits also called "Qubits" that can exist in both 1 or 0 states at the same time. It means a single qubit can exist in both states at an instant, this bizarre nature of Quantum mechanics is called a "Superposition state" and this is the reason why a quantum computer has advantage over a classical computer.
For example: A pair of bits ( 2 bits ) can store only four possible combinations of information as 00, 01, 10, 11 while a pair of Quantum bits (Qubits) can store all the four states simultaneously due to the fact that each qubit represent both values ( 0 and 1 ) at the same time. If you add more Qubits your computer's power will grow exponentially and your computer will perform batter.
Like if you add another pair of Qubits then 2 pairs ( 4 Qubits) store 16 combinations and so on.
These numbers become more interesting when another property of the quantum world enters the show. This property is a fundamental and another bizarre nature of quantum world called "Entanglement or Entangled States"
Entanglement of Quantum Particles
This is a phenomenon as described by Albert Einstein "Spooky Action at Distance". In this phenomenon particles that have interacted with each other at some point in time can become entangled with each other. This means that measuring the state of one entangled particle can allow you to simultaneously know the state of the other entangled particle even if they are far apart.
For example: If two particles are entangled and one is on the other side of Earth then by observing the state of one particle you can accurately describe the state of another particle.
It means that if Quantum Bits of a quantum computer are entangled then they can. All be measured at the same time.
Google Quantum Computer
Google took a leap in developing a computer computer. Google claimed "Quantum Supremacy" using the company's state of the art quantum computer "Sycamore" by solving a very difficult problem considered virtually impossible for classical machines to solve.
The Quantum computer took 200 seconds to complete the complex computation. That same calculation would take 10,000 year's even for the most powerful supercomputer of the b circuits of superconducting metal. This metal entangled 53 Qubits in a very complex superposition state. That helped them to solve a very difficult and complex task.
Conclusion
It is very easy to show the advantages of Quantum computers and why they can overcome classical traditional computers. But demonstrating the task in the real world is very different from theoretical work.
Classical computers can stack and work with millions of bits at the same time in their processors while quantum computers are struggling with the number of Qubits they can operate and work with as entangled Qubits become unentangled after a short amount of time.